Journal: Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids

Article Title: Comparative immunogenic and structural analysis of virus-like particle and inactivated whole-virion vaccines against enterovirus D68

doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102957

Figure Lengend Snippet: Preparation and characterization of IWV and VLP (A) Schematic representation of the construction of plasmids encoding EV-D68 P1 and 3CD. (B) Workflow for the expression and purification of VLP. (C–F) SDS-PAGE analysis of purified IWV and VLP. (C and D) VLP expressed in (C) Expi293F cells and (D) ExpiCHO-S cells purified with sucrose. The Hsp and Hsc identified by mass spectrometry are labeled in red lines. (E) VLP was expressed in ExpiCHO-S cells and further purified using both sucrose and iodixanol (OptiPrep) gradients. (F) IWV was purified by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. (G) IWV and VLP particle size distribution was measured by dynamic light scattering. (H) Representative negative-stain TEM images of IWV and VLP. Scale bars, 100 nm. (I) The thermal stability of the non-inactivated virus, IWV, and VLP was assessed using differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF). Data represent the mean of four independent measurements ( n = 4) for each sample.

Article Snippet: Samples were mixed with reducing sample buffer, heated at 95°C for 5 min, and loaded onto 10% SDS-PAGE gels (Nacalai Tesque).

Techniques: Expressing, Purification, SDS Page, Mass Spectrometry, Labeling, Staining, Virus